Embouchure Hole Correction for Transverse Flutes and Labium Correction for Recorders The correction at the embouchure hole of a transverse flute involves shortening the length… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – Embouchure Hole Correction for Transverse Flutes and Labium Correction for Recorders

Renaissance Transverse Flute As an example of an open cylindrical pipe, a Renaissance transverse flute is described below. The instrument originates from the 16th century… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – Renaissance Transverse Flute

Representation of the Standing Wave of the Fundamental Tone of an Open Pipe The lowest tone (fundamental, 1st harmonic, or 1st partial tone) of a… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – Representation of the Standing Wave of the Fundamental Tone of an Open Pipe

End Correction (Mouth Correction) at the Open End of a Cylindrical Pipe This correction, which indicates by how much a cylindrical pipe must be shortened… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – End Correction at the Open End of a Cylindrical Pipe

Temperature °C Speed of sound (m/s) Frequency of an a′-pipe tuned at 20°C (Hz) Deviation from 440 Hz (in cents) 0 331.8 424.6 -61.5 1… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – Temperature Dependency

The speed of sound is denoted by c and is a fixed value for a given temperature.Frequency refers to the number of oscillations within one… Read More »Woodwind Acoustics – Steinkopf – Relationship Between Sound Speed, Frequency and Wavelength